terça-feira, 30 de junho de 2015
sexta-feira, 19 de junho de 2015
Ottawa Ankle Rules
http://www.mdcalc.com/ottawa-ankle-rule
PEARLS/PITFALLS
The Ottawa ankle rule were derived to aid in the efficient use of radiography in acute ankle and midfoot injuries.
- Rules have been prospectively validated on multiple occasions in different populations and in both children and adults.
- Sensitivities for the Ottawa ankle rule range from the high 90%-100% range for “clinically significant” ankle and midfoot fractures. This is defined as a fracture or an avulsion greater than 3 mm.
- Specificities for the Ottawa ankle rule are approximately 41% for the ankle and 79% for the foot, though the rule is not designed/intended for specific diagnosis.
- The Ottawa ankle rule are useful in ruling out fracture (high sensitivity), but poor for ruling in fractures (many false positives).
Tips from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Palpate the entire distal 6cm of the fibula and tibia;
- Do not neglect the importance of medial malleolar tenderness;
- “Bearing weight” counts even if the patient limps;
- Be caution in patients under age 18.
Precautions from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Clinical judgment should prevail if examination is unreliable:
- Intoxication
- Uncooperative patient
- Distracting painful injuries
- Diminished sensation in legs
- Gross swelling which prevents palpation of malleolar tenderness
- Always provide written instructions
- Encourage follow-up in 5-7 days if pain and ability to walk is not better
USE CASES
The Ottawa ankle rule should be applied to all patients aged 2 and older with ankle or midfoot pain/tenderness in the setting of trauma.
WHY USE IT
Patients without criteria for imaging by the Ottawa ankle rule are highly unlikely to have a clinically significant fracture and do not need plain radiographs.
Application of the Ottawa ankle rules can reduce the number of unnecessary radiographs by as much as 25-30%, improving patient flow in the ED.
ADVICE
- If ankle pain is present and there is tenderness over the posterior 6 cm or tip of the posterior or lateral malleolus, then an ankle-ray is indicated.
- If midfoot pain is present and there is tenderness over the navicular or the base of the fifth metatarsal, then a foot-xray is present.
- If there is ankle or midfoot pain and the patient is unable to take four steps both immediately and in the emergency department, then x-ray of the painful area is indicated.
MANAGEMENT
- X-ray
- RICE plan (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
- Splinting/crutches and pain medication - pending outcome
GUIDANCE
Patients who fulfill none of the Ottawa ankle criteria do not need an ankle or foot x-ray. Those that fulfill either the foot or ankle criteria need an x-ray of the respective body part.
Many experts would consider this score “one directional.” Because the rule is sensitive and not specific, it provides a clear guide of which patients not to x-ray if all criteria are met. However if a patient fails the criteria, need for x-ray can be left to clinical judgement.
MORE INFO
- An ankle x-ray series is only required if there is pain in the malleolar zone AND any of these findings:
- Bone tenderness at A (posterior edge or tip of lateral malleolus), OR
- Bone tenderness at B (posterior edge or top of medial malleolus), OR
- Inability to bear weight both immediately after injury and in ED.
- A foot x-ray series is only required if there is pain in the malleolar zone AND any of these findings:
- Bone tenderness at C (base of 5th metatarsal), OR
- Bone tenderness at D (navicular), OR
- Inability to bear weight both immediately after injury and in ED.
EBM
Original derivation study in 1992
- Included non-pregnant patients over age 18 who presented to Ottawa Civic and General Hospitals with a new injury < 10 days old.
- Initial pilot study with 155 patients while full-scale study included 750 patients.
- Clinically significant fracture = any fracture that was not an avulsion of 3 mm or less across.
- Initial rules: Age 55 years or greater, inability to bear weight immediately after the injury and for four steps in the emergency department, or bone tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of either malleolus for the ankle. For the foot, criteria included pain in the midfoot and bone tenderness at the navicular bone, cuboid, or the base of the fifth metatarsal.
Further validation and refinement in 1993
- Prospective study of 1032 patients in the validation and refinement phase of the study with 121 clinically significant fractures.
- Sensitivity of 100% for significant malleolar zone fractures and 98% for significant midfoot fractures.
- Rules further refined by removing age cut-off from ankle rule and cuboid tenderness from foot rule, but also added weightbearing criteria to foot rule.
- Sensitivity of refined rule for both foot and ankle fractures was 100%, but increased ankle specificity to 41% and foot specificity to 79%.
- An additional 453 patients were then prospectively enrolled in the second phase of the study, where they validated their refined rules, yielding a sensitivity of 100% for both ankle and midfoot fractures.
Ottawa Ankle Rule (OAR) in children
- A study of 670 children age 2 to 16 at two separate sites found that the OAR again had a sensitivity of 100% for both clinically significant ankle and midfoot fractures.
- Study also found that ankle x-rays could be reduced by 16% and foot x-rays by 29% if the rules were in use at the time of the study.
- Subsequent meta-analysis of the OAR in children found 12 studies with 3,130 patients and 671 fractures, with a pooled sensitivity of 98.5% and overall reduction in x-ray utilization by 24.8%.
FROM THE CREATOR
Dr. Ian Stiell
- Why did you develop the Ottawa Ankle Rule? Was there a clinical experience that inspired you to create this rule for clinicians?
- We found that emergency doctors were ordering many imaging studies for ankle injuries that were then found to be normal. I thought if there were a set a rules with criteria developed by emergency physicians, for emergency physicians, they would help this problem and shorten emergency department wait times and costs.
- What pearls, pitfalls and/or tips do you have for users of the Ottawa Ankle Rule? Are there cases when it has been applied, interpreted, or used inappropriately?
- As a general rule in the emergency department, x-rays are rarely useful because most injuries are soft tissue, and an x-ray does not show ligament injury.
- What recommendations do you have for health care providers once they have applied the Ottawa Ankle Rule besides imaging, or when imaging is negative?
- If the rule states imaging is required, rarely does a patient need both an ankle and foot x-ray, just one or the other or neither. If negative, most patients will heal quickly from a soft tissue ankle injury, but some may require physical therapy.
- What are some situations in which you see clinicians interpreting the rule improperly or incorrectly leading to inappropriate x-ray utilization?
- Sometimes doctors don't properly assess the patients' ability to bear weight on their injured ankle. Most patients can and will walk, but it may take a little encouragement from the physician.
For the definition of ability to bear weight, see More Info.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ian Stiell, MD, MSc, FRCPC, is Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa; Distinguished Professor and University Health Research Chair, University of Ottawa; Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; and Emergency Physician, The Ottawa Hospital. He is internationally recognized for his research in emergency medicine with a focus on the development of clinical decision rules and the conduct of clinical trials involving acutely ill and injured patients treated by prehospital services and in emergency departments. He is best known for the development of theOttawa Knee Rule, the Canadian C-Spine Rule, and the Canadian CT Head Rule and as the Principal Investigator for the landmark OPALS Studies for prehospital care. Dr Stiell is the Principal Investigator for 1of 3 Canadian sites in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) which is funded by CIHR, NIH, HSFC, AHA, and National Defence Canada. Dr. Stiell is a Member of the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies of Science.
To view Dr. Stiell’s publications, visit PubMed.
To read more about Dr. Stiell's work, visit his website.
REFERENCES
- Original/Primary Reference
- Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, Nair RC, McDowell I, Worthington JR. A study to develop clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1992; 21:384–90.
- Validation
- Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, McKnight RD, Nair RC, McDowell I, Reardon M, Stewart JP, Maloney J. Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993 Mar 3;269(9):1127-32.
- Implementation
- Stiell, I.G., R.D. McKnight, G.H. Greenberg et collab. Implementation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. JAMA, no 271. 1994, p. 827-832.
- Stiell IG, Wells GA, Laupacis A, Brison R, Verbeek R, Vandemheen K, Naylor CD. A multicentre trial to introduce clinical decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. Br Med J 1995;311:594-597.
- Plint AC, Bulloch B, Osmond MH, Stiell I, Dunlap H, Reed M, Tenenbein M, Klassen TP. Validation of the Ottawa Ankle Rules in children with ankle injuries. Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6(10)10005-9
Ottawa Knee Rule
http://www.mdcalc.com/ottawa-knee-rule/
The Ottawa knee rules were derived to aid in the efficient use of radiography in acute knee injuries.
- Rules have been prospectively validated on multiple occasions in different populations and in both children and adults.
- Numerous studies found sensitivities for the Ottawa knee rules of 98-100% for clinically significant knee fractures. One study did find a sensitivity of just 86%.
- Specificities for the Ottawa knee rules typically range from 19%-50%, though the rule is not designed/intended for specific diagnosis.
- When used appropriately, the amount of knee x-rays obtained can be reduced by around 20-30%.
- The Ottawa knee rules are useful in ruling out fracture (high sensitivity) when negative, but poor for ruling in fractures (many false positives).
Tips from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Tenderness of patella is significant only if an isolated finding;
- Use only for injuries < 7 days;
- “Bearing weight” counts even if the patient limps.
Precautions from the creators at University of Ottawa:
- Do not use on patients < 18 years of age;
- Clinical Judgement should prevail if examination is unreliable
- Intoxication
- Uncooperative patient
- Distracting painful injuries
- Diminished sensation in legs
- Always provide written instructions
- Encourage follow-up in 5-7 days if pain and ability to walk is not better
USE CASES
The Ottawa knee rules should be applied to all patients aged 2 and older with knee pain/tenderness in the setting of trauma.
WHY USE IT
- Patients without criteria for imaging by the Ottawa knee rules are highly unlikely to have a clinically significant fracture and do not need plain radiographs.
- Application of the Ottawa knee rules can cut down on the number of unnecessary radiographs by 20-30%, which has proven to be cost effective for patients without reducing quality of care. (Nichol 1999)
ADVICE
Patients who do not have any of the Ottawa knee rules present do not need an x-ray. If one or more of the conditions are met, then x-ray is recommended.
MANAGEMENT
For significant non-bony injuries, often crutches and a knee immobilizer can be helpful to assist with ambulation.
GUIDANCE
Patients who do not have any of the Ottawa knee rules present do not need an x-ray. If one or more of the conditions are met, then x-ray is recommended.
Many experts would consider this score “one directional.” Because the rule is sensitive and not specific, it provides a clear guide of which patients not to x-ray if all criteria are met. However if a patient fails the criteria, need for x-ray can be left to clinical judgement.
sexta-feira, 12 de junho de 2015
Pittsburgh knee rules
Clinical decision rule for knee radiographs.
Abstract
The Pittsburgh knee rules are medical rules created to ascertain whether a knee injury requires the use of X-ray to assess a fracture.
Contents
[hide]Criteria[edit]
- Blunt trauma or a fall as mechanism of injury AND either of the following
- Age younger than 12 years or older than 50 years
- Inability to walk four weight-bearing steps in the emergency department.
If the patient satisfies the above criteria, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture.
Accuracy[edit]
The sensitivity of using the Pittsburgh knee rules is 99% with a specificity of 60%. That means the use of the above rules has a false negative result of 1% and a false positive result of 40%.[1]
The false positive result is less important as if the patient is positive, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture, which has a much higher specificity. However, the Pittsburgh knee rules offer less false positives than do the Ottawa knee rules, though the Ottawa knee rules are more commonly used. [2]
The use of the Pittsburgh knee rules reduces the use of knee radiographs by 52%.[3]
- Seaberg DC, Jackson R (1994). "Clinical decision rule for knee radiographs.". Am J Emerg Med 12 (5): 541–3. PMID 8060409
- MDCalc. "Pittsburgh Knee Rules". MDCalc. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
- Tandeter HB, Shvartzman P (December 1999). "Acute knee injuries: use of decision rules for selective radiograph ordering". Am Fam Physician 60 (9): 2599–608.PMID 10605994
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